APPLICATION

            The Application section establishes when the various Rules apply to a judge or judicial candidate.

I. APPLICABILITY OF THIS CODE

            (A) The provisions of the Code apply to all judges except as provided in Parts II through IV of this section with respect to three distinct categories of part-time judges. The three categories of judicial service in other than a full-time capacity are necessarily defined in general terms because of the widely varying forms of judicial service. Canon 4 applies to judicial candidates.

            (B) A judge, within the meaning of this Code, is anyone who is authorized to perform judicial functions, including an officer such as a magistrate, court commissioner, special master, or referee. Administrative law judges and hearing officers of state agencies are not judges within the meaning of this Code.

COMMENT

            [1] The Rules in this Code have been formulated to address the ethical obligations of any person who serves a judicial function and are premised upon the supposition that a uniform system of ethical principles should apply to all those authorized to perform judicial functions.

            [2] The determination of which category and, accordingly, which specific Rules apply to an individual judicial officer, depends upon the facts of the particular judicial service.

II. RETIRED JUDGE SUBJECT TO RECALL

            A retired judge subject to recall for service, who by law is not permitted to practice law, is not required to comply at any time with Rule 3.8 (Appointments to Fiduciary Positions), Rule 3.9 (Service as Arbitrator or Mediator), and Rule 3.15(A)(1) (Reporting Requirements).

COMMENT

            [1] For the purposes of this section, as long as a retired judge is subject to being recalled for service, the judge is considered to “perform judicial functions.”

III. CONTINUING PART-TIME JUDGE

            (A) A continuing part-time judge is a judge who serves repeatedly on a part-time basis by election or under a continuing appointment, including a retired judge subject to recall for service who is permitted to practice law.

            (B) A continuing part-time judge is not required to comply:

            (1) except while serving as a judge, with Rules 2.10(A), 2.10(B), and 2.10(C) (Judicial Statements on Pending and Impending Cases);

            (2) except while serving as a judge or when a judicial candidate with Rules 4.1(A)(6), 4.1(A)(7), 4.1(A)(11), 4.1(A)(12), 4.1(A)(13), and 4.1(B) (Political and Campaign Activities of Judges and Judicial Candidates in General); or

            (3) at any time with:

            (a) Rule 3.4 (Appointments to Governmental Positions);

            (b) Rule 3.8 (Appointments to Fiduciary Positions);

            (c) Rule 3.9 (Service as Arbitrator or Mediator);

            (d) Rule 3.10 (Practice of Law);

            (e) Rule 3.11(B) (Financial, Business, or Remunerative Activities);

            (f) Rule 3.15(A)(1) (Reporting Requirements); and

            (g) Rule 4.1(A)(1) to (4) (Political and Campaign Activities of Judges and Judicial Candidates in General).

            (C) A continuing part-time judge shall not practice law in the court on which the judge serves or in any court subject to the appellate jurisdiction of the court on which the judge serves, and shall not act as a lawyer in a proceeding in which the judge has served as a judge or in any other proceeding related thereto.

COMMENT

            [1] When a person who has been a continuing part-time judge is no longer a continuing part-time judge, including a retired judge no longer subject to recall for service, that person may act as a lawyer in a proceeding in which he or she has served as a judge or in any other proceeding related thereto only with the informed consent of all parties and pursuant to Rule 1.12(a) of the Nevada Rules of Professional Conduct.

IV. PRO TEMPORE PART-TIME JUDGE

            (A) A pro tempore part-time judge is a judge who serves or expects to serve sporadically on a part-time basis under a separate appointment for each period of service or for each case heard.

            (B) A pro tempore part-time judge is not required to comply:

            (1) except while serving as a judge, with:

            (a) Rules 2.10(A), 2.10(B), and 2.10(C) (Judicial Statements on Pending and Impending Cases);

            (b) Rule 2.14 (Disability and Impairment);

            (c) Rule 2.15 (Responding to Judicial and Lawyer Misconduct); and

(d) Rule 3.3 (Testifying as a Character Witness);

            (2) except while serving as a judge or when a judicial candidate with Rules 4.1(A)(6), 4.1(A)(7), 4.1(A)(11), 4.1(A)(12), 4.1(A)(13), and 4.1(B) (Political and Campaign Activities of Judges and Judicial Candidates in General); or

            (3) at any time with:

            (a) Rules 3.1(B) and 3.1(D) (Extrajudicial Activities in General);

            (b) Rule 3.2 (Appearances Before Governmental Bodies and Consultation with Government Officials);

            (c) Rule 3.4 (Appointments to Governmental Positions);

            (d) Rule 3.7(A) (Participation in Educational, Religious, Charitable, Fraternal, or Civic Organizations and Activities);

            (e) Rule 3.8 (Appointments to Fiduciary Positions);

            (f) Rule 3.9 (Service as Arbitrator or Mediator);

            (g) Rule 3.10 (Practice of Law);

            (h) Rules 3.11(B), 3.11(C)(2), and 3.11(C)(3) (Financial, Business, or Remunerative Activities);

            (i) Rule 3.13 (Acceptance and Reporting of Gifts, Loans, Bequests, Benefits, or Other Things of Value);

            (j) Rule 3.14(C) (Reimbursement of Expenses and Waivers of Fees or Charges);

            (k) Rule 3.15 (Reporting Requirements);

            (l) Rules 4.1(A)(1) to (4) (Political and Campaign Activities of Judges and Judicial Candidates in General); and

            (m) Rule 4.5(A) (Activities of Judges Who Become Candidates for Nonjudicial Office).

            (C) A person who has been a pro tempore part-time judge shall not act as a lawyer in a proceeding in which the judge has served as a judge or in any other proceeding related thereto, except as otherwise permitted by Rule 1.2(a) of the Nevada Rules of Professional Conduct.

V. TIME FOR COMPLIANCE

            A person to whom this Code becomes applicable shall comply immediately with its provisions, except that those judges to whom Rules 3.8 (Appointments to Fiduciary Positions) and 3.11 (Financial, Business, or Remunerative Activities) apply shall comply with those Rules as soon as reasonably possible, but in no event later than one year after the Code becomes applicable to the judge.

COMMENT

            [1] If serving as a fiduciary when selected as judge, a new judge may, notwithstanding the prohibitions in Rule 3.8, continue to serve as fiduciary, but only for that period of time necessary to avoid serious adverse consequences to the beneficiaries of the fiduciary relationship and in no event longer than one year. Similarly, if engaged at the time of judicial selection in a business activity, a new judge may, notwithstanding the prohibitions in Rule 3.11, continue in that activity for a reasonable period, but in no event longer than one year.  

VI.  CONFLICT WITH LEGISLATION

          In the event of conflict between the provisions of this Code and any statutes covering the same subject matter, activities, or reports, the terms of this Code shall prevail.

COMMENT

          [1] Part VI specifically applies to A.B. 190, 1991 Nev. Stat., ch. 517, at 571, amending NRS Chapter 281 as it applies to ethics in government, which amendments shall have no application to the judicial branch of government, and S.B. 166 §§ 2, 3, and 4, 1991 Nev. Stat., ch. 585, at 1922-24, amending NRS Chapter 294A, which shall also have no application to the judiciary. This provision of the Code recognizes and reaffirms the principles provided by the Nevada Constitution (Art. 3, § 1) and various case decisions, including Halverson v. Hardcastle, 123 Nev. 29, 163 P.3d 428 (2007), and Dunphy v. Sheehan, 92 Nev. 259, 549 P.2d 332 (1976), wherein the Nevada Supreme Court declared:

            The doctrine of separation of powers is fundamental to our system of government. Galloway v. Truesdell, 83 Nev. 13, 422 P.2d 237 (1967). The judicial department may not invade the legislative and executive province. State v. District Court, 85 Nev. 485, 457 P.2d 217 (1969). Neither may the legislative and executive branches of government exercise powers properly belonging to the judicial department. Graves v. State, 82 Nev. 137, 413 P.2d 503 (1966). Out of deference to the doctrine of separation of powers, the Legislature specifically excluded members of the judiciary from the Ethics in Government Law. Such exclusion was constitutionally mandated. In re Kading, 235 N.W.2d 409 (Wis. 1975).

            The function of the judicial department is the administration of justice. The judiciary, as a coequal branch of government, possesses the inherent power to protect itself and to administer its affairs. Sun Realty v. District Court, 91 Nev. 774, 542 P.2d 1072 (1975). The promulgation of a Code of Judicial Ethics is a measure essential to the due administration of justice and within the inherent power of the judicial department of this State. In re Kading, supra.

Id. at 265-66, 549 P.2d at 336-37. It is noted, however, that the judicial branch of government is under strong constraints to maintain the highest level of ethical conduct. In that regard, it is emphasized that this Code incorporates higher and more stringent standards of conduct than the referenced legislation would have imposed if it had been deemed applicable to the judiciary. Although violations of the areas addressed by the referenced legislation and superseded as to the judiciary by this Code are not criminal misdemeanors under the Code, as they are in the statutes, violations of this Code are cognizable by the constitutionally empowered Commission on Judicial Discipline. The Commission on Judicial Discipline has the power to censure, retire, or remove all sitting judges, including senior or part-time judges.

 

 

 


Last Updated: 01/19/10 01:19:09 PM